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Le Sacre d'Édouard VII
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Le Sacré d'Édouard VII
Coronation of King Edward the VII
Everyone has read of the Coronation of the King, and here we show the ceremony at Westminster Abbey where Edward is crowned King of England in company with the Queen and surrounded by the Nobles of his realm. This is an excellent picture of the subject.
LUB 1903-0A
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1 | Warwick Trading Company 6815 | |
2 | Georges Méliès | |
3 | < 23/06/1902 | 107 m/250 ft |
Edouard VII à Montreuil
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4 | France |
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23/08/1902 | États-Unis, New York | The New York Clipper | Coronation of King Edward |
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19/09/1902 | Espagne, Madrid, Fuencarral 125 | Palacio de Proyecciones Animadas | Coronación de Eduardo VII de Inglaterra |
30/07/1903 | Espagne, Palma de Mallorca, Huerto del Rey | Cinematógrafo Balear | Coronación de Eduardo VII |
Le Sacre d'Édouard VII: étude
Le Sacre d'Édouard VII (étude)
À la mort de la reine Victoria (22 janvier 1901), c'est son fils Albert qui lui succède et devient ainsi roi du Royaume-Uni et des dominions (Canada, Australie) et empereur des Indes. Il choisit de régner son le nom d'Édouard VII. Le couronnement d'Édouard VII et de la reine Alexandra est prévu pour le 26 juin 1902, cependant deux jours avant on lui diagnostique une appendicite dont il sort guéri grâce aux progrès de la chirurgie. La cérémonie est reportée un mois et demi plus tard, au 9 août 1902. Le contexte historique va avoir, bien entendu, des conséquences directes sur les différents tournages qui ont été prévus.
Le tournage (avril-août 1902)
Dès le mois d'avril, Georges Méliès est chargé par Charles Urban de réaliser un film sur cet événement qui, pour des raisons techniques - mais aussi peut-être diplomatique -, ne peut être tourné in situ. Le tournage de la mise en scène du sacre d'Édouard VII doit donc avoir lieu à Montreuil-sous-Bois. Dès le mois de février, la presse britannique annonce le tournage du couronnement, sans préciser toutefois que le film prévu est une reconstitution.
The Era, Londres, samedi 12 avril 1902, p. 32.
Dès le mois de juin, la Warwick prend soin d'ajouter qu'il s'agit d'une "representation"
The Era, Londres, samedi 7 juin 1902, p. 29.
Grâce à la correspondance conservée, on sait que Charles Urban conseille Georges Méliès pour tout ce qui relève des décors.
Charles Urban, Dear Mr Melies, [Londres], 10 juin 1902.
Source: Cinémathèque française.
La stratégie commerciale de la Warwick est claire. Il s'agit de mettre à la disposition de ses clients, la version du couronnement dès le 21 juin, faisant ainsi coïncider le sacré réel qui doit avoir lieu le 26 juin et sa "représentation".
The Era, Londres, samedi 21 juin 1902, p. 28.
Le subterfuge consiste ainsi à mettre en vente le Couronnement dès que l'événement a lieu:
Every showman should secure one of the splendid films which will be put on the market next week by that most enterprising of associations the Warwick Trading Co., Limited. The new films will represent the Coronation, the Procession, and the Naval Review. The Coronation will be depicted with great accuracy, and the Procession will be photographed from no less than nine different points, the Naval Review being "snapped” from four positions.
The Era, Londres, samedi 21 juin 1902, p. 20.
The Scotsman consacre même un très long article sur le film et son tournage :
THE CORONATION BY CINEMATOGRAPH
On the night of the Coronation at many theatres and places of entertainment throughout the country there will be on exhibition a "living" photographic representation of the ceremonial at Westminster Abbey. It may at once be frankly explained that, in respect of all out-of-door pageantry, the records will be the faithful reproduction of the moving incidents of the day. But up to the present science has failed to solve the problem of registering upon the sensitive surface of even the most rapid film the light and shade of a picture which will, at the best, be viewed in a dull light. Event the wonderful fluid lens of Dr Grün cannot master the difficulties, and, notwithstanding that Dallmeyer has produced an optical objective "working" at F. 1, this large aperture would be comparatively useless in the "dim religious light" of the Abbey. In actual fact, a photograph could not be taken in the interior, with the most rapid lens obtainable, in less than three minutes, and, having regard to the exclusion of day-light by the surrounding structures, artificial light equivalent to 50,000 candle-power would be required for cinematograph purposes. Though recourse may be had to electricity as an illuminant to a limited degree in the transepts, there never has been any hope of utilising it to the extent demand by the instantaneous camerist.
Another difficulty presented itself-that of the impossibility of employing an absolutely silent machine. Obviously, the whir of the wheels would be altogether out of keeping with the solemnity of the occasion. Yet it was recognised by the authorities that a pictorial record would have a value of its own, and would be appreciated by hundreds of thousands of people who would have necessarily to depend upon written descriptions of the historic scene, supplemented by the impressions of the artist or that. There was only one way to accomplish this result-to photograph a rehearsal. But again the difficulties applied, rendered, indeed, all the greater by the unfavourable climatic influences prevailing, and the only course left open was to "reconstitute" the scene, or, rather, intelligently to anticipate events, with every official assistance. Then came the question of the locale of this representation, and the superior actinic light-the governing feature of the problem-at command in France led to the transfer of the whole operations across the Channel.
It was at Montreuil, fourteen miles from Paris, that a huge "property" Westminster Abbey was built up, at great expense, the whole front being left open to the daylight. The point of sight was chosen so as to give a view of the High Altar, the theatre, the entire north transept, with its great window, and a part of the choir stalls, with two of the four great pillars in the centre of the church. The camera occupied a position corresponding to that of a peer in the south transept-one of the very few spectators who will actually view the details of the ceremonial. In constructing the scene regard was had to the necessities of photography, while the actual lighting of the subject was preserved. Real and very substantial galleries were constructed for the peeresses, and, above them, the members of the House of Commons, with their wives. Other spectators were seated in the triforium. But, by the illusion of scenic art, the first rows only of the chairs were actually filled with representatives of the nobility of England robed in crimson and ermine. One of the most startling effects of the display is at the moment when the duchesses and countesses assume their coronets. The ceremony itself, however, is taken as the main subject. Mr. Urban, the managing director of the Warwick Trading Company, as his own operator, and he was guided throughout by the desire to give a faithful transcript of the ceremonial in all its essential details, but confining himself to that portion only which was capable of being recorded by the lens. Actually it was found that in seven minutes the chief incidents could be enacted, and therefore photographed. Amateur photographers may be interested to know that a lens of no greater aperture than F 5.6-such as many hand cameras have-was necessary, the focus being 2 3/4 inches, and that 350 feet of film were used up, pictures being taken at the rate of sixteen per second. Of course, these are very small-the size of a postage stamp-but the definition is so very good that great magnification is possible upon the bioscop screen.
In matters of detail the camera does not lie. Therefore the outlay upon the incidentals of the picture has been very great-about £1200. Thus the representative of the King has been dressed in Field-Marshal's uniform, complete to the last order, and the portrait of the Earl Marshal is astouding in its fidelity. Uniforms, robes, ribands, crowns, coronets, and jewels had all to be supplied, from data verified to the day of the mimic Coronation-Saturday last. And, although the picture is necessarily in black and white, regard was paid to the differences of colour, the King being arrayed first in crimson robes, and then clothed with the Imperial mantle. Cloth of gold was specially obtained, and nothing was left to the imagination which came within "principal focus." All the theatres of Paris were drawn upon for the actors and actresses, and rehearsals were carried out with the exactitude of the Théâtre Français or the mise-en-scène of the Opèra, in anticipation of a gala night. One hundred and fifty artists travelled by special train to Montreuil daily, and so perfect were they in their parts that Mr Urban suddenly determined to "take" the last rehearsal on his film. A trial bit of it was developed in the dark-room on the spot, and it was found so satisfactory that the rest was brought to London and was put in hand the same might, with the result that every picture was found perfect, each negative beautifully graded, promising most pleasing results upon the screen.
It was considered advisable to begin the photographic record with the presentation of the King at the four corners of the theatre, when the Archbishop of Canterbury (together with the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Great Chamberlain, the Lord Lord High Constable, and the Earl Marshal) speaks to the people, the King meanwhile standing up by his chair, the Archbishop saying, "Sirs, I here present to you King Edward, the undoubted King of this realm; wherefore, all of you who are come this day to do your homage, are you willing to do the same?" To which the people cry, "God Save King Edward," whilst the trumpeters sound a fanfare. His Majesty is then seen going to the "chair of repose," placed for him, with a second for the Queen, south of the altar. In the bioscope representation the Regalia is now borne to the altar and deposited thereon. The Coronation oath is administered, His Majesty is relieved of this crimson robe, and is conducted to St Edward's Chair, while four Knights of the Garter hold over him a pall of cloth of gold. The Dean of Westminister proceeds to take the ampulla and spoon from the altar, and the Archbishop anoints the King on head and breast and hands. His Majesty is then clothed with the Colobium Sindonis and the Supertunica, and is girt with the sword by the Lord Great Chamberlain, which is afterwards placed upon the altar and redeemed by the Swordbearer. The King comes forward under the golden canopy, and he is clothed with the Imperial mantle, and, sitting down, receives the orb, the ring, and the Royal sceptre, which are brought in upon cushions. Lastly, the Crown is taken from the altar, and placed by the Archbishop upon the upon the King's head, the peers and peeresses at the same moment putting on their coronets. Then His Majesty is shown passing from the sacrarium to the Chair of State, south of the altar.
At this point a variation is introduced designedly. The Queen's Coronation is taken as having been performed, and the bioscope version concludes with the homage of the Archbishops and Bishops to their Majesties. This is for the sake of an effective finale, as it is obviously impossible to transfer the scene to St Edward's Chapel, behind the high altar, in which the actual ceremonial closes.
Provided the weather is not too dull, the attempt will be made to take with the bioscope a view, in natural colours, of the procession returning to Buckingham Palace from Constitution Hill. For this purpose a film larger than usual will employed, taking pictures at the rate of one-seventieth of a second alternately through red, blue, and white screens. In the reproduction a three-colour shutter will, experiment has proved, give all the effect of the original tints..-"Daily Telegraph."
The Scotsman, Londres, samedi 21 juin 1902, p. 13.
La santé du souverain britannique va changer le cours de l'histoire.
IMPORTANT.-Film 6815, A Representation of the Coronation at Westminster Abbey, is being withheld by us until something definite is known regarding future Coronation Arrangements.
The Era, Londres, 28 juin 1902, p. 27.
La sortie du film ne se justifie plus et ce n'est que plusieurs semaines plus tard annonce, que la vue est à nouveau annoncée alors que le couronnement a finalement eu lieu.
The Era, Londres, samedi 2 août 1902, p. 29.
Quelques jours plus tard, le public londonien peut voir la totalité des films consacrés au sacre d'Édouard VII :
ALHAMBRA TO-NIGHT, at 10.20.
BRITANNIA'S REALM.
A Grand Spectacular Ballet,
in Prologue and Four Scenes,
By Charles Wilson and Landon Ronald.
SATURDAY'S PAGEANT IN THIRTY MINUTES
The complete Coronation Procession to the Abbey passing Whitchall from the Horse Guards, the Archbishops in Lambeth Palace Gardens, Doctor Temple, Lord Archbishop of Canterbury, Lord Archbishop of York, and Bishop of Winchester, the Clergy bearing the Regalia to the Abbey, Procession of Choir Boys assisting Clergy and Bishops carrying the Ras Makonnou Cross, the Bible borne by Bishop of London, the Queen's Crown and Sceptres, Gold Rods, &c followed by canon Duckworth bearing St. Edward's Crown; the Representation of the Coronation Ceremonies in the Abbey, the King and Queen leaving the Abbey, passing through the Canadian and Wellington Arches-showing magnificent portraits of Lords Kitchener and Roberts, Duke of Connaught, &c, By the Warwick Trading Company. TONIGHT, at 9.0.
London Evening Standard, Londres, jeudi 12 août 1902, p. 4.
La presse insiste bien sur le film nº 6815, celui de la représentation tournée par Georges Méliès :
These Coronation films, including nº 6815, were exhibited for the first time at the Alhambra, Leicester-Square, on the Evening of Aug. 9th, and were received with the Greatest Approval and Enthusiasm by the vast audience, who rose en masse, singing, cheering, and crying for more.
The Era, Londres, samedi 16 août 1902, p. 28.